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Miscellaneous

System​

Nullable<T> : (struct) enables value types to be null → int?, bool?​

System.Threading.Tasks​

Task<T> : (class) async operation returning T​

ValueTask<T> : (struct) lightweight async return → reduces allocation​

TaskCompletionSource<T> : (class) manually completes Task<T>​

System.Lazy​

Lazy<T> : (class) lazy-initialized value container​

System.Tuple​

Tuple<T1, T2...> : (class) legacy tuple type​

ValueTuple<T1, T2...> : (struct) modern tuple type behind (a, b, c)​

System.Memory​

Memory<T> : (struct) sliceable, safe memory buffer​

ReadOnlyMemory<T> : (struct) read-only memory slice​

Span<T> : (ref struct) high-performance stack-only span​

ReadOnlySpan<T> : (ref struct) read-only span​

System.Buffers​

ArrayPool<T> : (class) shared array pool → high-performance allocations​

MemoryPool<T> : (class) pooled Memory<T> blocks​

IMemoryOwner<T> : (interface) owner of pooled Memory<T>​

System.IO / Array utilities​

ArraySegment<T> : (struct) slice of an array without copying​